Abstract Bladder cancer represents the fourth most common cancer in men and ninth most common cancer in women. It is the second most prevalent cancer in men 60 years of age or older in United States. Looking further down, continuing advancements in cancer research could potentially offer more choices for clinician and patient with longer survival and better quality of life. In spite of, bladder cancer represents an ideal tumor model to test and apply cancer prevention strategies; there are limited studies about application of metformin in the management of bladder cancer. Here, I will shed light on the proposed mechanisms of anti-carcinogenic effects of metformin and cohort of these mechanisms with the novel application of metformin as therapy of bladder cancer.
Keywords: metformin; anti-carcinogenic effects; bladder cancer

Abstract The use of multiple medicines (polypharmacy (PP)) is common among the elderly [1]. Researchers suggest that PP has potential for negative outcomes (adverse events, drug-drug interactions, non-adherence, hospital admissions as well as unnecessary healthcare utilization and mortality) [2]. PP is a particular concern for home care patients who are among the frailest patient group. Furthermore, those patients are particularly at risk of receiving potentially inappropriate medications compared to community-dwelling population. Therefore we aimed to determine the frequency of PP in elderly home care patients and to find out whether a relationship exists between PP and socio-demographic features, comorbidities and functional status. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of all patients older than 65 years who have been followed by a tertiary hospital home care service. The data about demographic characteristics, comorbidities, medications which were regularly utilized by the patients and functional status were extracted from medical files. PP was defined as using 5 drugs or more. The patients were classified as fully dependent or half-dependent regarding their functional status according to Katz Index of Independence in Activities of Daily Living [3]. A total of 232 patients (mean age: 80.25±6.64 years; 72% female and 28% male; 104 (44.8%) fully-dependent and 128 (55.2%) half-dependent) were included in this study. Median number of drugs which were utilized by the patients was 5.4 per day and PP was found out in 141 patients (60.9%). Other medications like over the counter drugs, herbal drugs, vitamins and as needed drugs (e.g antibiotics) could not be extracted from medical files, so PP rate could be higher. There was no relationship between PP and gender, sociodemographic characteristics, comorbidities or functional status (p>0.05). PP was found to be higher among patients who were diagnosed with HT, diabetes mellitus, CAD, parkinsonism or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (p<0.05). As our data have revealed that PP is a real problem also among elderly Turkish patients receiving home health care services, a finding that warrants further attention. Although this could be explained by their multiple co-morbidities, studies have suggested an overuse of drugs for which the risk-benefit ratio is unknown in those frail patients [4]. The situation is further complicated by pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes in geriatric population. Previous studies suggest that discontinuation of overprescribed drugs does not necessarily result in declined health states [5]. Furthermore, overenthuastic attempts to lower blood pressure or blood glucose in elderly patients have been associated with increased mortality and morbidity [6]. However, clinicians should be aware of underprescribing for those patient group which leads to not receiving potentially beneficial, clinically indicated medications. Accordingly, several assessment tools have been developed to optimize prescribing [7, 8]. Systematic medication reviews are shown to be successful in reducing PP and inappropriate prescribing rates and should be carried out by the physicians in each visit in order to attain optimal benefit. However, it should be further evaluated whether that intervention leads improvement in patients’ quality of life.
Keywords: polypharmacy; medications